End scrapers were used to shape softer materials such as bone and wood, and were essential tools in the preparation of leather.  In the preparation of leather, scrapers were used to remove meaty tissue and/or hair from a hide during the tanning process.  They were manufactured from chert or flint flakes and ranged from small scrapers (often called thumbnail scrapers) of perhaps 0.5 by 0.75 inches to large scrapers of perhaps three by four inches.  Smaller scrapers were hafted, either in-line or on straight handles or at 90 degree angles.  The largest scrapers were sometimes hand held.