Marbles or small stones were used to tie the leather on to the drum. The earliest drums were made with commercially purchased iron cooking pots. Native American Church water drums eventually became aluminum pots, but they were originally cast iron.

Tags: Native American Church, peyotism, kettle, iron, water drum
People: Osage
Places: Southern Plains, Oklahoma
Purpose: ceremonial use, peyote meetings

From interviews with Dr. Garrick Bailey, 2018-2020 University of Tulsa, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology